Taking a guess here, is that the Linux machine settings do not match
what the network is looking for from your pc to allow you access to
the internet as all of the other internal network stuff works.

Do you have network administrator that by any chance controls the
internet access by the machine name or ip address, etc? This is very
common in any large network. If so give him the required info for
your machine running Linux so that you can access the internet from it.

Alternatively, obtain all the info from your machine running windows
as to Name Identity and Subnet info. etc. that it is displaying for
the network and duplicate it in the Linux setup so that it looks like
the Windows setup as far as the Network Interrogation is concerned.
Then you should be able to access your internet network looking just
like your windows setup.